14 days plan to master IELTS Vocabulary | Day 3
At the second day of 14 days plan to master IELTS vocabulary in IELTS Game, we will help you to study academic IELTS vocabulary along with grammar to pass the IELTS and get a high score in the exam.
In this 14-day course for preparation for IELTS exam, you will study a wide range of IELTS vocabulary and words through two ways:
As mentioned before, you will study 3 videos from IELTS vocabulary course plus you will read a reading passage from the previous actual IELTS exams.
Vocabulary for IELTS – Day 3
In these 3 videos, you will learn synonyms for English vocabulary related to three topics:
- Family
- Geography 1
- Geography 2
Then, you will find the reading passage number 1 from Cambridge IELTS 10 – test 3.
You should read it and try to understand the overall meaning, write the new words and try to use it in English examples.
You can open Oxford dictionary to know the meaning of the English words you don’t know.
IELTS Vocabulary Videos
In this lecture, you will learn seven IELTS vocabulary connected with Family:
- Infant
- Adolescent
- Maternal
- Paternal
- Sibling
- Marital Status
- Upbringing
In this lecture, you will learn seven IELTS words connected with Geography 1:
- Hemisphere
- Equator
- Longitude
- Latitude
- Tide
- Crater
- Summit
In this lecture, you will learn seven IELTS vocabulary connected with Geography 2:
- Temperate
- Arid
- Marine
- Glacier
- Terrestial
- Fauna
- Flora
IELTS 10 – Test 3 – Reading Passage 2
Now, read this passage which is came from previous IELTS exams, and don’t try to answer the questions.
Just read it to improve your English language and gain new vocabularies and idioms.
Autumn leaves
Canadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery of why leaves turn red in the fall
Paragraph A
A One of the most captivating natural events of the year in many areas throughout North America is the turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours are magnificent, but the question of exactly why some trees turn yellow or orange, and others red or purple, is something which has long puzzled scientists.
Paragraph B
B- Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight converts that energy into new building materials for the tree. As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available declines considerably.
For many trees – evergreen conifers being an exception – the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis* until the spring. So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them.
But before letting its leaves go, the tree dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back into the twigs.
As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such as the maple or sumac.
Paragraph C
C- The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum.
They belong to a class of sugar-based chemical compounds also known as flavonoids. What’s puzzling is that anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them.
But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins – why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it’s already scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?
Paragraph D
D- Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leaf’s tolerance to freezing.
However, there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.
* photosynthesis: the production of new material from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
Paragraph E
E- It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation.
If insects paid attention to such advertisements, they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller, and presumably less resistant host. The flaw in this theory lies in the lack of proof to support it.
No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.
Paragraph F
F- Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of making anthocyanins when they’re busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the ‘light screen’ hypothesis.
It sounds paradoxical, because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light.
Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme light absorber? Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as much of it as possible?
Paragraph G
G- Chlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to capture the energy of sunlight, can sometimes be overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of drought, low temperatures, or nutrient deficiency.
Moreover, the problem of oversensitivity to light is even more acute in the fall, when the leaf is busy preparing for winter by dismantling its internal machinery.
The energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules of the unstable autumn leaf is not immediately channelled into useful products and processes, as it would be in an intact summer leaf.
The weakened fall leaf then becomes vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll molecules.
Paragraph H
H- Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues out there.
One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun. Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf.
It has also been recognised for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights, conditions that nicely match those that make leaves susceptible to excess light.
And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere. It’s colder there, they’re more stressed, their chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock.
Paragraph I
I- What is still not fully understood, however, is why some trees resort to producing red pigments while others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange or yellow hues.
Do these trees have other means at their disposal to prevent overexposure to light in autumn? Their story, though not as spectacular to the eye, will surely turn out to be as subtle and as complex.
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14 days plan to master IELTS Vocabulary | Day 2